Our role

The Commerce Commission (the Commission) is an independent Crown entity that administers and enforces laws relating to competition, fair trading, consumer credit and economic regulation. We have responsibilities for monitoring and regulating engine fuel markets in New Zealand under the Fuel Industry Act 2020 (the Act). The Act’s purpose is to promote competition in engine fuel markets for the long-term benefit of end users of engine fuel products.1

The Act provides that, in monitoring of the performance of the market, the Commission may analyse and summarise any information disclosed to us and publish any resulting analysis or summary.2 Information is disclosed by fuel importers, wholesale suppliers and distributors on a quarterly and/or annual basis under the Fuel Industry Regulations 2021 (the Regulations). Information disclosed relates to fixed wholesale contracts, certain financial statements, certain formulas and volumes, discounting and loyalty programmes, storage capacity, and retail sites and fuel supply.3

These quarterly monitoring reports are based on the information disclosed to us by fuel importers (ID data).4 Five companies currently import fuel into New Zealand: BP, Gull, Mobil, Timaru Oil Services Limited (TOSL), and Z Energy.5

Monitoring engine fuel markets allows for a deeper understanding of the competitive dynamics over time through observing patterns and trends. Our reports ‘shine a light’ on what is happening in the fuel markets to promote transparency and improve awareness of the factors influencing prices for consumers.

The Commission also has an enforcement role in relation to the obligations on fuel industry participants under the Act.6 We monitor compliance with the requirements of the Act and, if we have concerns about potential non-compliance, we may investigate further.

The wholesale fuel market

Importers sell fuel to wholesale customers (including distributors, dealers, other importers and commercial end users) as well as retail customers.7 Fuel sales in the wholesale market are usually made through fixed wholesale contracts, although there is an opportunity for wholesale customers, under certain circumstances, to purchase fuel on an ad hoc basis using a spot price or an importer’s published terminal gate price (TGP) for the relevant terminal.

The Act introduced a number of requirements for fuel industry participants, including conditions regarding TGPs and fixed wholesale contract terms. As prescribed in the Act, from July 2023, TGPs may be subject to price regulation.8

We present the information disclosed to us by the different types of wholesale customer, particularly focussing on sales to distributors and dealers rather than by type of sale (ie, contract or ad hoc sales).9 Prices, costs, and margins are the average for the quarter of data presented (usually a national average, weighted by volume sold). Wholesale prices include handling and delivery costs but exclude all other taxes and charges, to enable a simpler comparison with importer costs.10

Table 1: Wholesale price changes (excl. taxes and charges)

Regular 91

4 cpl

3%

Wholesale price changes from March 2024 to June 2024 quarter

Premium 95

4 cpl

3%

Premium 98

4 cpl

3%

Diesel

-2 cpl

-2%

Table 2: Wholesale prices (cpl, excl. taxes and charges) by fuel type

Regular 91

Premium 95

Premium 98

Diesel

Jun 2022

156

165

178

170

Sep 2022

141

151

162

168

Dec 2022

123

133

145

158

Mar 2023

121

131

147

130

Jun 2023

119

130

145

115

Sep 2023

129

140

156

136

Dec 2023

123

133

147

134

Mar 2024

124

133

148

127

Jun 2024

128

137

152

125

Source: Commerce Commission
Note: Wholesale prices are for fixed wholesale contracts only. TOSL is excluded to be consistent with other parts of the report.

Wholesale prices and components

Breakdowns of the components of contracted wholesale prices and trends over time are shown in figures 1 to 3.11

Figure 1: Regular 91 average contracted price and components
Figure 2: Premium 95 average contracted price and components
Figure 3: Diesel average contracted price and components

Wholesale margins are a useful metric to monitor the performance of the wholesale market as they can act as an indicator of either increased or reduced competition. A reduced wholesale margin can indicate an increase in competition whereas increases in the margin can indicate reduced competition, assessed over the medium- to long-term. The wholesale margin is the difference between the cost to the importers of purchasing and landing fuel into New Zealand (importer costs) and the price (less taxes and charges) that importers receive for the fuel sold to wholesale customers.

Table 3: Wholesale margin changes

Regular 91

2 cpl

15%

Wholesale margin changes from March 2024 to June 2024 quarter

Premium 95

2 cpl

10%

Diesel

0 cpl

0%

Wholesale customers

Below, we focus on dealers and distributors as well as multi-sourcing of fuel supply. Approximately 80% of wholesale volumes sold by importers are to dealers and distributors. Typically, distributors are able to source their supply from more than one importer, whereas (with rare exceptions) dealers purchase from a single supplier and have no option to source from multiple suppliers.12 Sourcing fuel from more than one supplier can promote competition as wholesale customers can negotiate with multiple suppliers, potentially giving them greater leverage to obtain lower prices. The Regulations provide that no single contract may require a reseller (other than dealers) to purchase more than 80% of their fuel requirements from any one supplier in a year.13

We monitor any supplier switching and multi-sourcing taking place over time to provide insight on the impact of the Act and Regulations on the wholesale market.

Figure 4: The proportion of wholesale fuel volumes sourced by distributors from single or multiple suppliers

For a breakdown by different customer types (dealer, distributor, commercial end user and importer), see Table 10 for wholesale prices, and Table 11 for sales volumes.

For a breakdown of the components of the wholesale prices for dealers and distributors showing importer costs and wholesale margins, see Table 12 for Regular 91, and Table 13 for diesel.

Terminal gate pricing

The terminal gate pricing regime under the Act was introduced to work together with the wholesale contract regulations to create the conditions for a more active wholesale fuel market in New Zealand. To achieve more transparent wholesale prices, the regime requires wholesale suppliers to post a TGP for each fuel type that it has the right to draw at a bulk storage facility.14 See Attachment B for further information on the regime and our approach to monitoring TGPs.

While we have not seen a significant number of ad hoc TGP sales since monitoring commenced, the TGP regime has a role in promoting competition by providing a publicly visible reference point that is used in a portion of the importers’ wholesale contracts with their customers. The regime could also incentivise spot sales under existing contractual arrangements (rather than being formally sold under the TGP regime).

Our analytical focus is to compare TGPs with importer costs and wholesale contract prices (rather than retail prices), as any movement towards these reference points could lead to more competitive outcomes, such as lower retail prices.

Additionally, Australian TGPs are used as a reference point for what we might expect a workably competitive TGP market to look like. When comparing TGPs in Australia and New Zealand, we have removed the taxes that apply in each country to ensure a consistent comparison and have converted the Australian TGPs into New Zealand dollars.15

TGPs are the average for the quarter or month of data presented (shown as the average for the supplier or sometimes for New Zealand or Australia). The Australian TGP data covers the seven main port locations in Australia. The ‘New Zealand average range’ is the range of average TGPs by supplier as shown in Attachment B.

Figure 5: Regular 91 TGPs (excl. taxes)
Figure 6: Premium 95 TGPs (excl. taxes)
Figure 7: Diesel TGPs (excl. taxes)

The retail fuel market

In this chapter we review competition in the retail market, summarising trends in retail fuel prices as well as importer costs and margins. Our analysis for these quarterly monitoring reports is based on the information disclosed to us by fuel importers (ID data).16 That means our analysis of retail sites is confined to those sites that are operated or owned by importers and does not include independent operators, such as NPD and Waitomo. The five companies that currently import fuel into New Zealand are BP, Gull, Mobil, TOSL, and Z Energy.17

Prices, costs, discounts and margins are the average for the quarter of data presented (usually a national average, although the price variation analysis by cities uses city averages).

We present average prices or discounts weighted by volumes sold. This reflects the prices consumers actually paid and the market share of each importer, as well as the magnitude of their effect on the average prices and discounts.18

Table 4: Retail price changes

Regular 91

1 cpl

0%

Retail price changes from March 2024 to June 2024 quarter

Premium 95

0 cpl

0%

Premium 98

4 cpl

1%

Diesel

-5 cpl

-2%

Retail prices and components

Breakdowns of the components of the retail board price and trends over time are shown in Figure 8 to Figure 10 below.19 20

Figure 8: Regular 91 retail board price and components
Figure 9: Premium 95 retail board price and components
Figure 10: Diesel retail board price and components

The importer margin is the difference between the retail board price (less taxes and any discounts) and an importer’s cost to land fuel in New Zealand. Importer costs are those reported by MBIE.21

Table 5: Importer margin changes

Regular 91

5 cpl

18%

Importer margin changes from March 2024 to June 2024 quarter

Premium 95

3 cpl

7%

Diesel

1 cpl

4%

Discount and loyalty programmes

We monitor discounting practices, as discount and loyalty programmes can soften board price competition. Their use can create ‘customer stickiness’ to a brand and can focus consumer attention on the level of discount offered, rather than on the actual price paid for fuel. This may reduce the likelihood that a consumer will shop around for the best deal. The resulting lack of mobility could have a negative impact on competition and limit the benefits to consumers.

A number of importers offer discount and loyalty programmes, which provide discounts off retail board prices using both cards and supermarket dockets, eg, Everyday Rewards, Airpoints, FlyBuys, Mobil Smiles, Z Pumped, PAK’nSAVE, and Foodstuffs (PAK’nSAVE and New World). The average level of discounts for each quarter is estimated using information disclosed to us, including revenue, volumes sold and retail board prices.

Figure 11: Retail and discounted prices for Regular 91

Note: These average prices and discounts are not weighted by volumes sold.

Retail price variation in New Zealand

Retail price variation is calculated as the daily difference between the most and the least expensive site for each fuel type in a city, averaged over the quarter. The retail prices are discounted by average discounts, and exclude the Auckland regional fuel tax before June 2024. Premium grade includes Premium 95 and Premium 98. Military sites are excluded from the analysis.22

Figure 12: Retail price variation (cpl) within New Zealand cities

Attachment A: New Zealand’s fuel supply chain

Figure 13 below shows New Zealand’s fuel supply chain and fuel industry participants from transporting and importing fuel into New Zealand to the wholesale, distribution and retail stages.

Figure 13: New Zealand’s petrol and diesel supply chain

Attachment B: The terminal gate pricing regime

The TGP regime was introduced to:

  • allow the potential for a liquid wholesale spot market to develop,
  • reduce barriers to entry and expansion for both importers and distributors,
  • provide greater pricing transparency for wholesale customers, to rebalance bargaining power and increase the likelihood of switching,
  • provide transparent benchmark information for industry and government to reveal any use of market power in regions where importer competition is weak.23

The wholesale supplier must supply wholesale customers with their requested volumes at the supplier’s TGP, unless the wholesale supplier has reasonable grounds to refuse to supply.24 The price payable by the reseller must not exceed the TGP posted at the time of the request. Terminal gate pricing currently only applies to regular grade petrol (Regular 91), premium grade petrol (Premium 95) and diesel.25

Our approach to monitoring TGPs

Over the last quarter, we have continued to monitor and compare the TGPs offered by each importer at the different terminal locations around New Zealand. We are building a picture of performance as more data becomes available over time.

In our analysis of TGP levels in New Zealand, we currently use several reference points to provide an indication of whether TGPs are at a level we would expect to see in a workably competitive market. These include:

  • importer costs (the cost of importing fuel into New Zealand),
  • fixed wholesale contract prices,
  • retail prices,
  • TGPs in Australia (noting that Australia has a more mature regime with greater terminal competition).

In our view, these provide useful and relevant points of reference and shed light on the progress of New Zealand’s TGP regime for the following reasons:

  • Importer costs: the costs of supplying fuel at the terminal gate are comprised of a number of components, including the cost of importing fuel into the port at which the terminal is located, as well as the costs associated with building and operating the terminal facility. For the purposes of our monitoring, we have used MBIE’s importer cost series as a reference point, although we note that terminal-related costs are not included.26
  • Fixed wholesale contract prices: wholesale contract prices are another reference point for TGP analysis. While these prices are based on similar costs to TGPs for the importers, wholesale contracts assure supply and, therefore, wholesale contract prices are lower than TGPs on average, as we would expect. However, the difference between wholesale contract prices and TGPs (the TGP premium) in New Zealand is larger than what is observed in Australia. Wholesale contract prices and TGPs in Australia are much closer than those in New Zealand.
  • Retail prices: a comparison of TGPs with retail prices may reveal whether TGPs leave sufficient margin from retail board prices for an efficient competitor to compete.
  • TGPs in Australia: we have also compared TGPs in New Zealand with TGPs in Australia, where there is a more mature TGP regime and greater terminal competition. As discussed below, we have made a number of adjustments when comparing TGPs in Australia and New Zealand, to take into account differences in taxes in each country.27

TGPs that are closer to importer costs and wholesale contract prices in New Zealand, as well as Australian TGPs, are likely to enable TGPs in New Zealand to be a more viable option for potential purchasers of fuel.

TGPs by wholesale supplier

Table 6: New Zealand average TGPs by supplier compared to Australia and to importer costs

MBIE importer cost

Australian average

BP

Gull

Mobil

Tasman Fuels

Z

Regular 91 (NZ cpl)

Jun 2022

148

154

170

165

176

159

162

Sep 2022

122

138

152

149

162

145

147

Dec 2022

108

119

135

132

141

127

128

Mar 2023

109

117

136

129

139

128

126

Jun 2023

105

116

132

128

136

125

122

Sep 2023

118

127

141

138

145

134

128

Dec 2023

108

120

135

131

140

130

126

Mar 2024

111

121

138

132

142

133

127

Jun 2024

112

124

141

135

144

137

131

Premium 95 (NZ cpl)

Jun 2022

151

166

179

174

187

165

181

Sep 2022

125

150

161

158

175

150

166

Dec 2022

111

131

143

142

155

132

148

Mar 2023

111

129

148

139

152

134

145

Jun 2023

107

126

145

137

150

135

142

Sep 2023

121

133

154

147

161

148

149

Dec 2023

111

132

147

141

156

143

146

Mar 2024

114

132

148

142

156

146

146

Jun 2024

115

135

151

145

156

149

151

Diesel (NZ cpl)

Jun 2022

166

170

188

179

193

174

182

Sep 2022

154

168

182

175

188

172

180

Dec 2022

144

156

171

166

176

162

168

Mar 2023

119

129

146

140

148

137

142

Jun 2023

105

114

131

126

131

125

126

Sep 2023

130

136

150

145

151

147

142

Dec 2023

122

133

148

144

151

146

145

Mar 2024

119

126

142

136

144

139

138

Jun 2024

117

124

141

134

141

137

137

Source: Commerce Commission; MBIE; Australian importer websites; Australian Instituted of Petroleum.
The Australian TGP data covers the seven main port locations in Australia. The New Zealand average TGPs are calculated from ID data. From the December 2023 quarter we have enhanced our methodology to make the average TGPs more accurate. This has a minimal effect, if any, on the TGPs presented in previous reports.

New Zealand and Australian TGPs and importer costs

For our Australian comparison, we take a quarterly average of TGPs from the Australian Institute of Petroleum (AIP) for Regular 91 and diesel.28 For Premium 95, we calculate the quarterly average TGP from four Australian importer websites at the same seven terminal locations used by the AIP (Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, Darwin, Perth and Hobart). Data for the latest quarter is displayed in the grey area.

Figure 14: Regular 91 TGPs (excl. taxes)
Figure 15: Diesel TGPs (excl. taxes)
Figure 16: Difference between NZ TGPs and Australian TGPs
Figure 17: Regular 91 TGP offer price, average wholesale contracted price and TGP premium
Figure 18: Premium 95 TGP offer price, average wholesale contracted price and TGP premium
Figure 19: Diesel TGP offer price, average wholesale contracted price and TGP premium

Attachment C: Relevant taxes, costs and levies

To ensure TGP comparisons are consistent between New Zealand and Australia and within New Zealand, we have adjusted TGPs to exclude taxes and levies in all fuel types. The tables below summarise the taxes, levies and ETS costs that we have used to adjust TGPs in both countries.

Table 7: New Zealand taxes, levies and ETS costs applicable to fuel types

New Zealand

Regular 91

Premium 95

Diesel

National Land Transport Fund (cpl)a

70.02

-

ACC levy (cpl)b

6.00

-

Local authority fuel tax (cpl)c

0.66

0.33

Petroleum or engine fuel monitoring levy (cpl)c

0.72

Regional fuel tax (Auckland) (cpl)d

10.00

ETS costs

MBIE estimates

GSTe

15%

aThe NLTF rate was reduced from 70.02 cpl to 45.02 cpl from 15 March 2022 to 30 June 2023.

bPaying levies if you own or drive a vehicle, ACC.

cDuties, taxes and direct levies on motor fuels in New Zealand, gazette.govt.nz.

dRegional fuel tax, NZTA.

eGST, IRD.

Table 8: Australian taxes applicable to fuel types

Australia

Regular 91

Premium 95

Diesel

Excise tax (up to 5 February 2024) (Australian cpl)a

48.8

Excise tax (from 5 February 2024) (Australian cpl)a

49.6

GSTb

10%

aAustralian Bureau of Statistics.

bGST, Australian Tax Office.

We have used daily exchange rates from the Reserve Bank of New Zealand to convert Australian TGPs into New Zealand currency.29

Attachment D: Data

Importer costs

The cost of crude oil and importer costs and trends over time are shown in Figure 20. Data for the latest quarter is displayed in the grey area.

Figure 20: Importer costs and the cost of crude oil (cpl) by fuel type
Table 9: Importer costs (cpl) by fuel type

Importer cost

Change (cpl)

Relative change (%)

Regular 91

Jun 2022

148

Sep 2022

122

-26

-18

Dec 2022

108

-14

-11

Mar 2023

109

0

0

Jun 2023

105

-4

-4

Sep 2023

118

13

13

Dec 2023

108

-10

-8

Mar 2024

111

3

3

Jun 2024

112

2

1

Premium 95

Jun 2022

151

Sep 2022

125

-25

-17

Dec 2022

111

-14

-11

Mar 2023

111

0

0

Jun 2023

107

-4

-4

Sep 2023

121

13

13

Dec 2023

111

-10

-8

Mar 2024

114

3

2

Jun 2024

115

1

1

Diesel

Jun 2022

166

Sep 2022

154

-12

-7

Dec 2022

144

-10

-7

Mar 2023

119

-25

-18

Jun 2023

105

-14

-12

Sep 2023

130

26

24

Dec 2023

122

-8

-6

Mar 2024

119

-3

-2

Jun 2024

117

-2

-2

Source: MBIE.

Wholesale market

Table 10: Average wholesale prices (cpl, excl. taxes and charges) by fuel type and customer type, all sale types

Dealer

Distributor

End user

Importer

Regular 91

Jun 2022

161

152

151

149

Sep 2022

146

137

141

134

Dec 2022

128

118

137

119

Mar 2023

127

115

131

115

Jun 2023

124

114

130

112

Sep 2023

135

124

144

121

Dec 2023

128

118

132

116

Mar 2024

129

119

133

117

Jun 2024

134

123

138

121

Change

5

4

5

4

Relative change

4%

3%

4%

4%

Premium 95

Jun 2022

173

159

159

154

Sep 2022

159

145

153

138

Dec 2022

141

126

150

124

Mar 2023

141

124

145

122

Jun 2023

139

124

144

120

Sep 2023

149

135

158

131

Dec 2023

142

129

147

125

Mar 2024

141

129

146

125

Jun 2024

146

132

150

130

Change

5

4

4

5

Relative change

4%

3%

3%

4%

Premium 98

Jun 2022

178

176

181

Sep 2022

163

155

154

Dec 2022

146

135

140

Mar 2023

148

139

138

Jun 2023

146

138

141

Sep 2023

157

148

155

Dec 2023

148

139

147

Mar 2024

149

140

147

Jun 2024

153

145

154

Change

4

5

6

Relative change

3%

4%

4%

Diesel

Jun 2022

176

168

168

164

Sep 2022

172

166

168

165

Dec 2022

162

156

155

161

Mar 2023

138

127

131

127

Jun 2023

122

113

116

112

Sep 2023

142

134

137

131

Dec 2023

138

133

135

132

Mar 2024

132

125

129

124

Jun 2024

131

123

127

123

Change

-1

-2

-1

-1

Relative change

-1%

-2%

-1%

-1%

Source: Commerce Commission
Note: Prices include handling and delivery costs.

Table 11: Total wholesale volume sold (in million litres) by customer type

Dealer

Distributor

End user

Importer

Total

Jun 2022

283

401

113

49

846

Sep 2022

292

481

63

111

946

Dec 2022

321

547

53

158

1079

Mar 2023

310

534

57

160

1061

Jun 2023

296

529

43

151

1020

Sep 2023

273

526

43

135

977

Dec 2023

310

612

84

153

1159

Mar 2024

304

610

103

114

1132

Jun 2024

268

573

77

72

990

Share

27%

58%

8%

7%

100%

Source: Commerce Commission.
Note: TOSL volumes have been excluded from this table to be consistent with other parts of the report.

Table 12: Regular 91 average contracted price and components (cpl, excl. taxes and charges) for dealers and distributors

Dealer contract price

Disbtributor contract price

Margin on dealer contract

Margin on distributor contract

Importer costs (MBIE)

Jun 2022

161

152

12

4

148

Sep 2022

146

137

24

14

122

Dec 2022

128

118

20

9

108

Mar 2023

127

115

18

7

109

Jun 2023

124

114

20

10

105

Sep 2023

135

124

17

7

118

Dec 2023

128

118

20

10

108

Mar 2024

129

119

18

8

111

Jun 2024

134

123

22

10

112

Source: Commerce Commission.
Note: Prices include handling and delivery costs.

Table 13: Diesel average contracted price and components (cpl, excl. taxes and charges) for dealers and distributors

Dealer contract price

Disbtributor contract price

Margin on dealer contract

Margin on distributor contract

Importer costs (MBIE)

Jun 2022

176

168

9

2

166

Sep 2022

172

166

18

12

154

Dec 2022

162

156

18

12

144

Mar 2023

138

127

20

9

119

Jun 2023

122

113

18

8

105

Sep 2023

142

134

11

3

130

Dec 2023

138

133

16

11

122

Mar 2024

132

125

13

6

119

Jun 2024

131

123

14

6

117

Source: Commerce Commission.
Note: Prices include handling and delivery costs.

Retail price variation in New Zealand

Table 14: Discounted retail prices (cpl) in New Zealand cities and nationally

March 2024 quarter

Regular 91

Premium

Diesel

Auckland

267

290

193

Hamilton

264

284

187

Tauranga

260

282

186

Wellington

269

290

188

Christchurch

267

287

185

Price variation between cities

9

8

8

Rest of NZ

268

290

189

National

267

289

189

Source: Commerce Commission.
Premium includes 95 and 98.
Prices are weighted average discounted prices and exclude the ARFT.

June 2024 quarter

Regular 91

Premium

Diesel

Auckland

269

291

187

Hamilton

265

283

181

Tauranga

265

287

181

Wellington

272

294

183

Christchurch

268

288

179

Price variation between cities

8

10

8

Rest of NZ

269

291

182

National

269

290

183

Attachment E: Glossary

Term Explanation
the Act Fuel Industry Act 2020.
ARFT Auckland regional fuel tax.
BP BP Oil New Zealand Limited.
bulk storage facility As defined in the Act, means a facility for the storage of 5 million litres or more of engine fuel.30 Also known as a terminal.
cpl Cents per litre.
Commission New Zealand Commerce Commission.
dealer As defined in the Act, means a reseller that sells and supplies engine fuel through its own retail fuel sites using a brand owned by another person that is not an interconnected body corporate of the reseller.
diesel As set out in the Regulations, diesel has the same meaning as in regulation 5(1)31 of the Engine Fuel Specifications Regulations 2011. Diesel (a) means a refined petroleum distillate, or other liquid hydrocarbon fuel, having a viscosity and distillation range that is intermediate between those of kerosene and light lubricating oil, whether or not it contains additives, and that is intended for use as fuel in compression-ignition internal combustion engines; and (b) includes diesel containing up to 5% bio-diesel by volume.
discount and loyalty programmes As defined in the Regulations, means a recurring or ongoing programme that provides retail customers with discounts off the standard retail price, or non-fuel related benefits provided by the fuel importer or another entity, or both.
distributor As defined in the Act, means a reseller that is not a dealer.
Dubai crude The price of Dubai crude oil is used internationally as a price benchmark.
end user As defined in the Act, in relation to engine fuel, means a person who is the ultimate consumer of that engine fuel.
ETS costs Means New Zealand emissions trading scheme costs under the Climate Change Response Act 2002.
fixed wholesale contract

As defined in the Act, means a wholesale contract that governs,—

    1. for a fixed period, the wholesale price and other conditions of sale and supply of engine fuel during the period; or
    2. for a fixed amount of engine fuel, the wholesale price and other conditions of sale and supply for that engine fuel; but
  1. does not include a wholesale contract for the sale and supply of engine fuel under the terminal gate pricing regime in subpart 1 of Part 2.
fuel Petrol and diesel fuels (unless specified otherwise).
fuel industry participant

As defined in the Act, means a person that purchases, or sells and supplies, engine fuel other than as—

  1. an end user; or
  2. an incidental part of the hiring, leasing, or selling of motor vehicles.
GST Goods and services tax.
Gull Gull New Zealand (NZ) Limited.
importer Refers to ‘fuel importer’ as defined in regulation 3 of the Regulations: a fuel industry participant that imports fuel into New Zealand. We use this term to refer to BP, Gull, Mobil, TOSL, and Z Energy.
importer cost The cost per litre, by fuel type, that a fuel importer incurs in order to import fuel into its respective New Zealand domestic port/fuel terminal.
importer margin The difference between the importer cost and the retail price of fuel at a retail service station.
ID Information disclosure/information disclosed (pursuant to the Regulations).
market study Commerce Commission’s 2019 retail fuel market study looking into the factors that may affect competition for the supply of retail petrol and diesel used for land transport throughout New Zealand.
MBIE Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment.
Mobil Mobil Oil New Zealand Limited.
NLTF National Land Transport Fund.
OECD The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
OPEC Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries.
OPEC+ The 13 OPEC nations plus 10 other oil-producing countries.
Premium 95 As set out in the Regulations, premium grade petrol has the same meaning as in regulation 5(1)32 of the Engine Fuel Specifications Regulations 2011. Petrol supplied as having a research octane number of 95.0 or higher.
Premium 98 As set out in the Regulations, premium grade petrol has the same meaning as in regulation 5(1)33 of the Engine Fuel Specifications Regulations 2011. Petrol supplied as having a research octane number of 98.0 or higher.
price board As defined in the Regulations, means a board, sign, or notice at a retail fuel site that displays the prices of types of engine fuel for retail sale at the site.
Regulations Fuel Industry Regulations 2021.
Regular 91 As set out in the Regulations, regular grade petrol has the same meaning as in regulation 5(1)34 of the Engine Fuel Specifications Regulations 2011. Petrol supplied as having a research octane number of at least 91.0 but less than 95.0.
reseller As defined in the Act, means (a) a person that purchases, or intends to purchase, engine fuel from a wholesale supplier to sell and supply to another person; but (b) does not include a person that does so, or intends to do so, only as an incidental part of their business.
retail fuel site As defined in the Act, (a) means a place at which engine fuel is sold and supplied to an end user (eg, a petrol station or a truck stop); but (b) does not include a place at which the primary business is the hiring, leasing, or selling of motor vehicles, and (c) does not include a bulk storage facility.
road user charges (RUC) A charge paid by drivers that contributes towards the upkeep of New Zealand roads.
Tasman Fuels Tasman Fuels Limited.
terminal gate price (TGP) As per section 9 of the Act, a wholesale supplier must publicly post a price (terminal gate price) for each specified engine fuel that it has the right to draw at a bulk storage facility for the specified engine fuel.
TGP premium The premium that a customer may pay to buy the TGP at a port against the average wholesale contract price at that port.
TOSL Timaru Oil Services Limited.
wholesale contract As defined in the Act, a contract between a wholesale supplier and a reseller for the sale and supply of engine fuel.
wholesale margin The difference between the cost to the importer of purchasing, landing and storing fuel into New Zealand-based terminals (importer costs) and the price (less taxes and charges) the importer receives for the fuel sold to wholesale a customer.
wholesale supplier As defined in the Act, a person that sells and supplies engine fuel, as the whole or part of its business, to persons other than end users.
Z Z Energy Limited.

ISSN: 2816-1068

Footnotes

  1. Section 3 of the Act.↩︎

  2. Sections 25 and 28 of the Act.↩︎

  3. Part 3A of the Regulations.↩︎

  4. See reg 3 of the Regulations: ‘Fuel importer’ is defined as a fuel industry participant that imports fuel into New Zealand.↩︎

  5. TOSL provides exclusive supply to its related entity Tasman Fuels. Tasman Fuels is the entity that publishes TGPs. It also operates various retail fuel sites.↩︎

  6. See Part 3 of the Act.↩︎

  7. Note that while the ID data we analyse for the retail market represents importers selling to retail and commercial end user customers, the wholesale market data also includes sales to other importers, distributors, and dealers. As such, retail prices cannot be directly tracked through from the wholesale chapter to the retail chapter of the report. Additionally, there can be a time lag between cost and/or pricing changes in the wholesale market being reflected in retail prices.↩︎

  8. The Fuel industry Amendment Act 2023 came into effect on 27 July 2023, adding Part 2A “Price regulation of terminal gate prices” to the Fuel Industry Act 2020.↩︎

  9. Distributors and dealers as defined in the Act.↩︎

  10. ‘Charges’ are costs over and above the price of fuel that are payable by the wholesale customer (excluding handling and delivery costs as above).↩︎

  11. MBIE does not provide importer cost data for Premium 98 so the components of the Premium 98 price have not been produced.↩︎

  12. Dealers are the individual owners of dealer retail sites that carry the brand of a single fuel firm only and are generally contractually obligated to purchase all of their fuel requirements from that single fuel firm.↩︎

  13. Section 18 of the Act, reg 15 of the Regulations.↩︎

  14. See Part 2, subpart 1 of the Act.↩︎

  15. For further details of the tax adjustments, see Attachment C.↩︎

  16. See reg 3 of the Regulations: ‘Fuel importer’ is defined as a fuel industry participant that imports fuel into New Zealand.↩︎

  17. TOSL provides exclusive supply to its related entity, Tasman Fuels. Tasman Fuels is the entity that publishes TGPs. It also operates various retail fuel sites.↩︎

  18. Note that, for this and other quarterly reports, the size of the market discussed is limited to sales made by importers. This is because, under the Regulations, other operators of retail sites (such as distributors) are not required to disclose any sales information to us on a quarterly basis.↩︎

  19. The retail board price is the standard retail price of fuel for sale at a retail fuel site and displayed on a board, sign, or notice at the site.↩︎

  20. MBIE does not provide importer costs for Premium 98, so the components of the retail price have not been produced for Premium 98.↩︎

  21. We use the MBIE importer cost series to estimate the cost of importing fuel into New Zealand. This includes the cost of purchasing the fuel in Singapore, shipping it to New Zealand, insurance and losses, and wharfage and handling.↩︎

  22. New Zealand Army and Royal New Zealand Air Force sites, which are not accessible to the general public. Military sites were included in the analysis in some previous reporting. As a result, some city-wide price variations were overstated in those reports.↩︎

  23. Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment “Response to the Commerce Commission’s Retail Fuel Market Study” Fuel Industry Bill” (27 February 2020).↩︎

  24. Section 11 and 12 of the Act.↩︎

  25. See section 8(2) of the Act. Premium 98 is excluded under clause 4 of the Regulations, as well as any diesel or petrol that contains more than 1.0% biofuel volume.↩︎

  26. Weekly fuel price monitoring, MBIE.↩︎

  27. We are also interested in any evidence of other cost-related differences which could explain some of the differences in TGPs between the two countries.↩︎

  28. Australian Institute of Petroleum.↩︎

  29. Exchange rates and Trade Weighted Index (B1).↩︎

  30. Fuel Industry Act 2020, Part 1, section 4.↩︎

  31. Engine Fuel Specifications Regulations 2011, 5(1).↩︎

  32. Engine Fuel Specifications Regulations 2011, 5(1).↩︎

  33. Engine Fuel Specifications Regulations 2011, 5(1).↩︎

  34. Engine Fuel Specifications Regulations 2011, 5(1).↩︎